Respect Authority - 1669 Words

I, have always respected authority, I believe it is always imperative to respect authority, as shortly after I entered the Marine Corps I heard a story about a NCO that told a LCPL to get over here now and he did and right after he moved the berm where he had been standing was shot right where his head would have been. I remember that story from when my gunny told it to me when I first got to the fleet it’s something I don’t think I will ever forget it is one of the things that reminds me every day that it is most important and imperative that I always listened and have instant willingness and obedience to orders. My parents both were military my father was in the Army for twenty one years and he retired as a Sergeant first class in the†¦show more content†¦This also includes the Army rank structure the Air Force rank structure and the Navy rank structure not just the Marine Corps rank structure I believe respecting authority is key in and job carrier or milita ry organization without respecting ones authority we would have chaos in the world. It truly does not matter your rank or station in life you will always have someone above you in authority giving you orders, orShow MoreRelatedMilitary Discipline and Respect for Authority Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesMILITARY DISCIPLINE AND RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY Discipline is used in the civilian world as of coarse the military world. As a basic everyone is expected to address everyone by their proper tittles. In the Army, saluting is to show respect toward an officer, flag, or our country. When talking to an officer, stand at the position of attention unless given the order â€Å"at ease†. discipline is a specific form of instruction which develops self control, character, and efficiency. Discipline is theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello - Lack Of Respect And Authority1452 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s, Othello, expresses the lack of respect and authority given to women during Shakespeare’s time. Throughout the piece, women are repeatedly put in positions subordinate to men and are stripped of a voice. Women in this piece are portrayed as â€Å"belongings† to men, and never resist how they are treated. Iago is able to use women in his plan, like pawns in a chess game, to benefit himself. However, it is a woman in the end who puts the pieces together and solves Iago twisted plotRead MoreThe Death Of The World1733 Words   |  7 Pagesbe the main individual included in settling on the choice on regardless of whether to report your associate’s activities, being as you were the only one who saw the occasion (Garwood-Gowers, Tingle, Wheat, 2010). NMC code of conduct that states respect people s right to privacy and confidentiality (NMC, 2015), according to the dilemma Adie is asking Ali not to say anything to anybody, however, Ali need to keep confidential (confidentiality), but he need to share private information on need toRead MoreValue Alignment Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagescombined values of an individual and organization must be compatible to produce a successful relationship and work in harmony. Wal-Mart’s values have been in place for 40 years. The company holds dear to three golden values, which are: 1) showing respect to all individuals, 2) providing exquisite service to customers, and 3) continually striving for excellence. Team B assesses their personal values, and compares them to Wal-Mart’s value-based plans and actions to see if they are compatible. ThroughRead MoreEssay on Is Freedom a Natural Right?714 Words   |  3 Pagesopinion.Freedom of opinion is among the most important branches of freedom .In some societies where freedom of opinion is not guranteed by the authority,the creativity of mind is killed and burried.Society is the largest and biggest loser from this lack of creativity.Someone once said,Freedom of opinion will never result in animosity among people if they respect each other.As I mentioned earlier,freedom is not an absolute right,and there are too many constraints on it.Firstly,the society rights includingRead MoreTDA 2.3 – Communication and Professional Relationships with Children Young People and Adults Interacting with and Responding to with Children and Young Peopl e1080 Words   |  5 Pagesalthough they my still need to practice waiting for their turn to speak in coversations. 3) A description of how to deal with disagreements between children and young people Children Approach them with a calm nature but with authority. Ask each child to explain what happened. To let them know that you are treating each one fairly by giving both of them a chance to explain what happened. After hearing what they’ve had to say and depending on the dispute it may call for youRead MoreEssay about Guide to Becoming a Jerk875 Words   |  4 Pagesand won a verbal war (however one-sided it may be) makes you feel as high as the sky, while the opposing party will probably sink like a rock in quicksand. They will think that you are mean (and you are), and they won’t want to befriend you or have respect for you, but you won’t care because you perceive yourself at a higher standing than they are. The foremost aspect of being a jerk is to make people feel inferior by way of your comments and actions; this also gives you a sense of superiority, whichRead More Travels With My Aunt. Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesTravels With My Aunt. In Travels with my Aunt, Graham Greene, the author, tends to show less respect that we would present towards some traditional values and institutions such as religion, Church, marriage, police and funerals. His attitudes towards traditional values lets us see other points of view, for example we wouldn’t had laughed reading about a funeral whilst reading Travels with my Aunt we did. Henry is one of the few characters which Graham Greene show with a respectful attitudeRead MoreDemanding Obedience to Show Whos in Control: Angie Chaus Quiet as They Come and Guy De Maupassants The Olve Grove1978 Words   |  8 Pagesdemanded respect or obedience from others to convince the challenger that they are in control. In â€Å"Quiet As They Come†, Viet Tran grew up in Vietnam influenced by his passion for philosophy. Throughout the story, he applies the fundamentals of Confucian sayings that contributed to his personality. In Vietnam, he lived a privilege life. He was a college philosophy professor who was well respected by many. When he came to America, he carried with him the same expectations for and the value of respect. AtRead MoreThe Army Values Essay3283 Words   |  14 Pagessacrifice becomes nothing more than masochism at worst, a pity party at best. As soldiers, we are obligated to act on the loyalty we have for our U.S. constitution, the Army, our fellow soldiers, the nation and its heritage. This is our duty. Respect â€Å"Rely upon the golden rule.How we consider others reflects upon each of us, both personally and as a professional organization. Treat people as they should be treated.† According to The Free Dictionary: re ·spect tr.v. re ·spect ·ed, re ·spect ·ing

The Mindsets Can Cope With The Failure Of The Difference Way

The mindsets can cope with the failure in the difference way. Have you ever been fail in your life? How do you face with that failure? And what did you say with yourself in that moment? This question help you determine what is your mindset. So what is mindset? It is a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determined how you will interpret and respond to situations. According to Carol Dweck’s mindset book, people in the world was divided into two mindsets: the fixed mindset and the growth mindset. Fixed mindset which is people think that the intelligent, smart, high potential of learning is the natural ability. It has already in their body when they was born and this abilities never change. You are smart or not that who you are.†¦show more content†¦According to Carol Dweck s, the failure doesn t defined the growth mindset but it does with the fixed mindset. With the growth mindset, the failure never define you it just the matter of how you faced with, learn experience, and keep your mind moving forward. Taking an exam ple of the famous former American basketball, Micheal Jordan who was known led the Chicago Bull to six NBA championships and won the most Valuable Player Award five times. He was refused to play basketball team at high school because his height didn t match with the standard. His family didn t permitted him to play basketball because he decided didn t study at school instead of basketball. But with the strong love for basketball, he kept following and playing with his brother every time and every where. He keep training him self everyday. One of his school coach said that: â€Å"Usually, I arrive at school between 7am and 7:30 a.m. Micheal was there before me. Each time come in and open the door, I heard the sound of bowing, in autumn, in winter, in summer. Almost every morning I had to ask him to leave the court†. Failure doesn t define him. It just motivated him more. He said that: â€Å" I know that fear is an obstacle for some people, but for me it just an illusion. Fail ure always makes me try harder on the next opportunity. And he was known with the famous said which inspired so many people that: â€Å"I’ve missed more than 9.000 shots in my career. I’ve lost almost 300

Lims Free Essays

string(54) " will be a significant decrease in data entry errors\." LIMS In the typical scientific laboratory there is a large amount of data that must be tracked and analysed. In my current work setting we collect data from outside laboratories, analyse the data, and then return the data. We process thousands of samples per week. We will write a custom essay sample on Lims or any similar topic only for you Order Now This makes tracking and sorting the data very cumbersome. We basically serve as a clearinghouse for data to be batched out to our customers, the independent researcher. Our laboratory considers itself a high-throughput sequencing centre. Our daily objective is to make the lab more automated. We are continually striving to use more robots or automated data entry. For automated data entry we use bar codes. Bar coding tends to have fewer errors in data entry. It also allows us to generate a greater amount of information for any given sample. The more we can automate the process the more samples we are able to put through the system. Each of the independent researchers in the company is looking for a particular disease by identifying the disease-causing gene. Once the gene has been located the researcher must get the DNA sequence from the gene. That is our job. We at the sequencing centre take the DNA sample, with the gene, and run the sample on our automated machines. Once the sample has been analysed we put the analysed sample, also known as the DNA sequence, into a database that the researcher can access. This is a very general idea of what the Sequencing Centre does. The role of the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is to keep track of this data. The accuracy of the LIMS is crucial for an efficient and effective workflow. The analysed sample must be coordinated with the correct sample name that the researcher gives to the Sequencing Centre. This means that everything must be entered into the database correctly. The data must also exist in a safe and accessible database. The data flow can be characterized in the following context diagram. We have just begun the implementation of a new LIMS system. Hopefully this analysis will help to guide our laboratory as we move towards its implementation. LIMS Functionality Different LIMS systems offer a variety of functionality. The systems have developed from simple data entry and record storage to complex relational database driven tools. They now offer enhanced functionality often provided over the wireless networks and company intranet, allowing greater flexibility for inspections in remote and difficult environments Regulations and Compliance The functionality of the LIMS system is far greater than just tracking and reporting on samples. LIMS systems must often comply with regulations that affect the user, for example a manufacturer of pharmaceuticals is obliged to operate under the cGMP 21 CFR Part 210 – Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, or Holding of Drugs. Other regulations that LIMS systems must operate under include HIPAA, ISO 9001, and ISO 15189. It is important for systems to have the ability to accept e-signatures, as well as offer audit trails and chain of custody. These types of functionality are required to ensure that the correct persons have access to the sample and the results of the sample inspection Equipment Calibration and Maintenance When inspections are carried out the equipment used to extract the sample and to test the sample must be maintained correctly and calibrated so that there are no errors introduced into the test results. The LIMS system should contain maintenance records of the equipment used in testing so that notifications can be generated to perform regular preventive maintenance. With some instruments and equipment, the requirement may include calibration after a certain number of uses, for example the use of a depth micrometre may require that it is calibrated after 50 uses or every month, whichever comes first. LIMS systems can also contain the calibration instructions so that a notification and a calibration instruction sheet can be sent to the maintenance department or a specialty outside vendor. LIMS Expansion Pre-1982 Laboratory notebooks and handwritten reports/charts were used to track and report information. In-house information systems were configured by a few laboratories. Custom-built LIMS became available from third-party vendors. 1982 The first commercial LIMS, known as first generation (1G) LIMS, are introduced. These 1G LIMS placed laboratory functions onto a single minicomputer, providing greater lab productivity and functionality as well as the first automated reporting capabilities. 1988 Second generation (2G) LIMS become available. 2G LIMS used the available market technology of third-party commercial relational databases (RDB) to provide application-specific solutions. Most 2G LIMS relied on minicomputers, but PC-based solutions were beginning to emerge. 1991 The move toward open systems ushered in third generation (3G) LIMS, which combined the PC’s easy to use interface and standardized desktop tools with the power and security of minicomputer servers in a client/server configuration. 1995 Fourth generation (4G) LIMS decentralize the architecture further. Processing can be performed anywhere on the network. Thus, all clients and servers can operate in either capacity depending upon the data load at any particular instance Pros and Cons Most LIMS products allow the laboratory to; register work requests; print analytical worksheets; monitor and communicate sample/technique backlogs; schedule work; acquire and store analytical data; monitor the quality of all analytical work; approve analytical data for client release; print and store analytical reports and invoices; protect the security of all data; track and locate samples in storage; track and communicate all quality control in the laboratory; provide laboratory management with production and financial statistics and with client information, e. . , names, addresses, sales figures, etc. An appropriately designed and installed LIMS can quickly bring accuracy and accessibility to the flow of samples and data in any laboratory. The real value of a LIMS is the ability to maximize sample throughput and minimize labour costs. Laboratory throughput is improved in a number of different ways. The most obvious gain in productivity occurs through the elimination of data entry via on-line instruments. Also, there will be a significant decrease in data entry errors. You read "Lims" in category "Papers" Finally, the up-to-date sample in-flow data available from a typical LIMS allows laboratory supervisors and bench personnel to better schedule analytical work, minimize â€Å"downtime† and maximize batch size. Some other effects are that there are better visible quality control checks and centralized data. The ability to monitor, track and communicate data and quality control information gives the laboratory the tools to improve methods and work practices. The end result is that people in the lab able to process more samples per hour worked. The problems Rushed or Incomplete Installation LIMS installation can be expensive. As a result laboratory management has a tendency to reduce costs by shortening the time spent on-site by the design team. In addition, several installation phases may be required in order to allow laboratory personnel time to learn and apply each LIMS feature before adding the next. Effective communication between the bench personnel and the design team is key to ensuring a successful project. The best way to facilitate this communication is by extending and phasing the installation. Lack of Technician Access to the LIMS A problem that arises in some organizations as laboratory and support staff begin to use the system is a failure to recognize and remove access bottlenecks. For a LIMS to function smoothly all personnel must have their own access point. Access expansion can usually be spread over six to eighteen months as the laboratory assimilates the LIMS and usage increases. Design/Scoping Procedure The design/scoping stage prior to acquiring our LIMS has involved the review and analysis of available software/hardware packages as well as the definition and documentation of our laboratory’s requirements. The error here is could be that bench personnel are excluded from the process. To resolve this problem we have had frequent meetings with the personnel in our lab. Some laboratories might go into a LIMS program believing that future requirements for bench level supervision will be reduced or eliminated. It has been recognized by many that LIMS is simply a tool and as such cannot manage the laboratory or take the place of personnel supervision. A LIMS will effectively provide current, reliable and complete operational data. The easy access to accurate data allows management to significantly enhance the quality and speed of decision making. Decision making becomes based more on fact rather than instincts. Many LIMS products tend to function more like accounting or financial databases. This could be related to the educational and work experience of most software professionals. The demand for financial and accounting database packages means that the software industry is more familiar with this type of requirement than with a highly technical application like a LIMS. Thus, the average software professional does not usually have the background to effectively interpret a laboratory’s requirements. This communication problem can manifest itself in LIMS systems that do not easily fit into laboratory operations. Often the laboratory must significantly alter procedures and work flow in order to conform to the LIMS. This requirement for wholesale change significantly complicates LIMS installations and it might have poor acceptance and commitment support personnel to the project. A similar problem often occurs in large organizations with dedicated Information System (IS), departments. Significant conflict and problems can arise when IS personnel recommend the most up-to-date hardware or software architecture regardless of the functionality, fit or overall cost to the laboratory. The end result of this process is that the laboratory must undergo significant change in order to conform to the product purchased. In the extreme case laboratories can wind-up having to increase overhead, e. g. , more data handling, in order to use LIMS systems that have been designed not for the laboratory but for the accounting or production departments. The keys to success are flexibility, adaptability, ease of evolution and support, and most importantly overall system speed. The speed issue is very critical as bench personnel will not use something that is slow or awkward. If the system saves bench personnel time they will quickly â€Å"buy into† the project and aggressively move the process forward. The key in any LIMS development should be to achieve a majority of the desired functionality without compromising system speed. Most laboratories need time to assimilate a LIMS before being able to take full advantage of all of its features. As a result of this ‘break-in period’ the more complex features can usually be postponed a year or two without affecting the success of the program. [17] This implementation delay may also allow laboratory personnel the chance to provide more input into the critical final stages of system optimization. Installation Stage The goal of any LIMS installation must be to acquire a system that will make the jobs of bench personnel easier and thus increase the efficiency of the organization. In order to be successful, the LIMS system must be accepted and welcomed by the bench personnel. Often the first contact front-line personnel have with the new system is during installation, long after all decisions have been made. This situation often leads to significant software and LIMS configuration problems that require major software re-writes, hardware retro-fits and/or disruptive organizational changes. In addition, analytical and support staff are more likely to resist the new system if they have had little input into its design and operational characteristics. The installation phase of a LIMS program is critical to the overall success of the project. It is during LIMS installation that personnel must be taught how to use the product and where the software designers get their first view of how the LIMS will fit into and function in the laboratory. The installation phase of a LIMS project can take from weeks to months depending on the size of the laboratory and the complexity of the project. No Staff Training Bench personnel must be taught how to use the LIMS. As with any subject laboratory staff must be taught progressively so that personnel have a chance to use and apply what they learn. In laboratories where the LIMS training has been available and sustained the staff will be using the LIMS at a similar level. This consistency of approach builds team work and staff efficiency increases. In laboratories where training has not been a priority, staff will be using the LIMS at different levels. This situation can create a great deal of competition in the laboratory as turf wars erupt over the adoption of new or unused LIMS features. Poorly trained staff fears the new features and as a result delay or resist their implementation. Poor Feedback Mechanism As noted above communication is a key component of any successful LIMS project. It is important that laboratories make sure that a well-developed feedback mechanism is put in place during the installation of a LIMS so that laboratory personnel can bring forward problems and see quick resolution. Staff often hesitate to bring forward complaints and will instead work around the problem. One successful approach that has been used by organizations to solve this problem has been regular procedural audits. The process required to perform an audit usually brings to light LIMS defects or problems that staff have been coping with. This is has already been implemented for other laboratory procedures in our lab. Conclusion Companies require that quality is part of every link in the supply chain, whether it is raw material at a vendor’s facility or finished goods delivered to a customer. To ensure that the quality personnel are able to achieve the optimum results, a Laboratory Information Management System is vital to that success. How to cite Lims, Papers

Various Advancements In Field Of Healthcare-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Various Advancements In Field Of Healthcare? Answer: Introduction In recent times, there has been various advancements in the field of healthcare. The healthcare delivery has become complex and the objective of government and other stakeholders is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare delivery (Barbour, 1997). The objective of this paper is to discuss the models of healthcare. The two key models of healthcare that would be discussed in this paper are biomedical model of healthcare and the social model of health. There are different models of healthcare based on the specific way in which healthcare system is divided. One of the traditional and widely used model of health care is biomedical model of healthcare. This model of biomedical is based on the germ theory. The advocates of this model of healthcare suggests that any illness is caused by the germs and therefore, the effort should be made to eliminate the germs (Germov, 2005). The central idea of this model is that germs enter human body through water, food or air. This model was widely used in the early twentieth century and with this model the objective was to figure out the root cause of various infectious diseases. The underlying assumption with this model is that every illness has a cause that could be attributed to germs and the illness affects the human body in a standard and predictable manner (Germov, 2005). Another widely used model of healthcare is the social model of health. The social model of health is relatively new than the biomedical model of health. This model of social model of health is also known as the public health model. With this model, the focus is to make efforts to improve the health of society at large (Barbour, 1997). With this model, the emphasis is to identify the social determinants of health and make efforts to develop a healthy society. The advocates of social model of health suggests that health is social responsibility of government and it is important that the government should make efforts to improve the health of community members. The underlying assumption of social model of health is that the social, economic, political, social, etc. factors are responsible for the health of a person (Barbour, 1997). The above paper discusses the two key health models. Essentially, any government or any stakeholder can use any of the above or any third model to assess the health conditions of people in the society. The key thing is that different stakeholder must join hands to improve the healthcare delivery in the country and make Australia as better place to live. Health Human Rights The health care system in any country is one of the most important industry for any government. There is an increased focus of Australian Government on health care industry. However, these efforts are not enough to meet the expectations of all the stakeholders. It is correct to say that the health care enterprise is one of the most important parts of the Australian social system and of our economic system as well. The issue of health and human rights is an interesting issue to debate. There have been various debates around the health and human rights. It would be correct to say that health care quality improvement is the focus of the policy makers in the country and this effort falls within the human right (Hunt, 2006). The objective of this paper is to discuss the health and human rights that patients and the members of society at large should have. In Australia, health care delivery happens through private and public players. The external environmental factors have deep impact on health care delivery. The political factor is one of the most important external factor as government act as the guardian of public health (Hunt, 2006). It is important that health rights of human are intact and not compromised in any of the health delivery mechanism. The health rights and the human rights of patients are based on the six objectives. The six aims of health and human rights are safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable. A health care system that achieves major gains in these six areas would be far better at meeting patient needs. By efficient it means avoiding waste, including waste of equipment, supplies, ideas, and energy. There is a desperate need to make our healthcare systems more efficient. The efficiency can be improved with an increase use of health care technology. The strategy to focus on health care technology would certainly be beneficial for health care organizations in long term. However, the challenge is to manage the short-term cost. In addition, the human resource shortage is also a challenge to manage the health rights of humans in an effective manner (Ivanov Oden, 2013). It is also important to mention that different section of the society should be given a platform where they can manage or execute their health rights. It essentially means that our healthcare system should not be biased towards any particular group or section (Ivanov Oden, 2013). The government would need to make certain intervention to ensure that health rights of humans are well preserved. Conclusion The above paper discusses the human and health rights of individuals. Based on the above discussion it can be said that it is critical that the private players, public players and other stakeholders should come together to overcome the issues. Here government must act as a facilitator that could provide a platform where different stakeholders can work together. References Barbour, A. (1997).Caring for patients: A critique of the medical model. Stanford University Press.operations Germov, J. (2005). Imagining health problems as social issues.Second Opinion, 3-24. Hunt, P. (2006). The human right to the highest attainable standard of health: new opportunities and challenges.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,100(7), 603-607. Ivanov, L. L., Oden, T. L. (2013). Public health nursing, ethics and human rights.Public Health Nursing,30(3), 231

American Identity Essay Example

American Identity Essay America: Undefined Land In Creating America, Joyce Moser and Ann Watters suggest that, In understanding American Identities, we need to come to terms with unity and division, with separateness and common grounds. In other words, for understanding American society one must understand its contradictions and the irony they represent. For thousands of years humans have emerged themselves in the constant quest of finding who they are as individuals and ultimately as a society. This constant quest has become more complex as the years pass, especially in America, where a multiple ombination of people from different cultures, races and religions coexist. This coexistence has kept the American self-image compelling to others and thus bringing more individuals to the nation. For understanding a nation as a whole one must understand its individuals, and since America does not have a set standard of what one must look like in order to declare themselves as Americans, one can only conclude that the American Identity remains undefined, even after taking and analyzing all the contradictions. Even though American Identity cannot be well- defined, terms such as Melting-pot or Mosaic are still used to describe this nation society. A Melting-Pot by definition is a pot where different materials are melted and mixed together. As a metaphor it is used to describe all the different people who came together to formed America and became one. A Mosaic is used in the same context as well, and it only differs in the broader aspect of a more multiculturalism adaptation. We will write a custom essay sample on American Identity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on American Identity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on American Identity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Both terms come close to describe the diversity that the United States is omposed of; however, both fail in the idealism that assimilation of this culture take place, and since there is no set standard of an American or even a set culture, immigrants have nothing to assimilate to begin with. There has always been the notion that what is America, if not a nation of immigrants? And in reality that is the case. America has always been a nation of settlers, even today, where thousands of people traversed the borders legally and illegally to come to the United States. Diversity is what describes this nation, describes it but not defines it. The idealism of economic advancement, the promise of the American Dream, freedom of speech, the promises in the constitution all appealing to immigrants who share aspirations and values and celebrate the honor of being called an American. However, no matter how big these ideals are racial discrimination still takes place between each other. Regardless, of how progressive one may think America is immigrants are still considered immigrants instead of full fledge Americans. Segregations still exist to some extent in the American communities. From a perspective point of view, it is ard to define everyone as equals and sharing the same goal since there is vastly amount of different backgrounds and ideas of what American is and should be. Nonetheless there still some who believe America can transcend from the individual differences and unite as one. As Michael Friedman once said Americans have defined themselves not by their racial, religious, and ethnic identity but by their common values and belief in individual freedom. If the American way does indeed embrace all kinds of people and give them equal rights, rules and everything else, nen mayDe It Is a mlstaKe to say tnere Is no American laentlty Mayne as waters ana Moser stated between the lines contradictions are indeed the American way. As the diversity of America continues growing, more contradictions, opposing ideologies and subcultures will arise, and so it will give the birth to a new America, The real America. Insightful enough this ideology will be more complex to understand and farther from a set identity. Again it would not create a culture. In conclusion what defines a nation? Is it each individual with their different culture, background or even race? Is the idealism and common goal what brings together a nation? If it is then what are the common belief of the American society? Answering these questions differs from each individual, so agreeing on disagreeing is the best option. As Waters and Moser argument establish, America is indeed a land of contradictions. Nothing is only one way, there is always another side. Diversity is what represents the American way, but ironically it is also the reason why the American Identity is still undefined.

Photosynthesis Study Guide - Key Concepts

Photosynthesis Study Guide - Key Concepts Learn about photosynthesis step-by-step with this quick study guide. Start with the basics: Quick Review of the Key Concepts of Photosynthesis In plants, photosynthesis is used to convert light energy from sunlight into chemical energy (glucose). Carbon dioxide, water, and light are used to make glucose and oxygen.Photosynthesis is not a single chemical reaction, but rather a set of chemical reactions. The overall reaction is:6CO2 6H2O light → C6H12O6 6O2The reactions of photosynthesis can be categorized as light-dependent reactions and dark reactions.Chlorophyll is a key molecule for photosynthesis, though other cartenoid pigments also participate. There are four (4) types of chlorophyll: a, b, c, and d. Although we normally think of plants as having chlorophyll and performing photosynthesis, many microorganisms use this molecule, including some prokaryotic cells. In plants, chlorophyll is found in a special structure, which is called a chloroplast.The reactions for photosynthesis take place in different areas of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has three membranes (inner, outer, thylakoid) and is divided into th ree compartments (stroma, thylakoid space, inter-membrane space). Dark reactions occur in the stroma. Light reactions occur the thylakoid membranes. There is more than one form of photosynthesis. In addition, other organisms convert energy into food using non-photosynthetic reactions (e.g. lithotroph and methanogen bacteria)Products of Photosynthesis Steps of Photosynthesis Here is a summary of the steps  used by plants and other organisms to use solar energy to make chemical energy: In plants, photosynthesis usually occurs in the leaves. This is where plants can get the raw materials for photosynthesis all in one convenient location. Carbon dioxide and oxygen enter/exit the leaves through pores called stomata. Water is delivered to the leaves from the roots through a vascular system. The chlorophyll  in the chloroplasts inside leaf cells  absorbs sunlight.The process of photosynthesis  is divided into two main parts: light dependent reactions and light independent or dark reactions. The light dependent reaction happens when  solar energy  is captured to make a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The dark reaction happens when the ATP is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle).Chlorophyll and other carotenoids form what are called antenna complexes. Antenna complexes transfer light energy to one of two types of photochemical reaction centers: P700, which is part of Photosystem I, or P680, which is part of Photosystem II. The photochemical reac tion centers are located on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Excited electrons are transferred to electron acceptors, leaving the reaction center in an oxidized state. The light-independent reactions produce carbohydrates by using ATP and NADPH that was formed from the light-dependent reactions. Photosynthesis Light Reactions Not all wavelengths of light are absorbed during photosynthesis. Green, the color of most plants, is actually the color that is reflected. The light that is absorbed splits water into hydrogen and oxygen: H2O light energy →  ½ O2   2H   2 electrons Excited electrons from Photosystem I can use an electron transport chain to reduce oxidized P700. This sets up a proton gradient, which can generate ATP. The end result of this looping electron flow, called cyclic phosphorylation, is the generation of ATP and P700.Excited electrons from Photosystem I could flow down a different electron transport chain to produce NADPH, which is used to synthesize carbohydratyes. This is a noncyclic pathway in which P700  is reduced by an exicted electron from Photosystem II.An excited electron from Photosystem II flows down an electron transport chain from excited P680  to the oxidized form of P700, creating a proton gradient between the stroma and thylakoids that generates ATP. The net result of this reaction is called noncyclic photophosphorylation.Water contributes the electron that is needed to regenerate the reduced P680. The reduction of each molecule of NADP  to NADPH uses  two electrons  and requires  four photons.  Two molecul es  of ATP are formed. Photosynthesis Dark Reactions Dark reactions dont require light, but they arent inhibited by it, either. For most plants, the dark reactions take place during daytime. The dark reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. This reaction is called carbon fixation or the  Calvin cycle. In this reaction, carbon dioxide is converted to sugar using ATP and NADPH. Carbon dioxide is combined with a 5-carbon sugar to form a 6-carbon sugar. The 6-carbon sugar is broken into two  sugar molecules, glucose and fructose, which can be used to make sucrose. The reaction requires 72 photons of light. The efficiency of photosynthesis is limited by environmental factors, including light, water, and carbon dioxide. In hot or dry weather, plants may close their stomata to conserve water. When the stomata are closed, the plants may start photorespiration. Plants called C4  plants maintain high levels of carbon dioxide inside cells that make glucose, to help avoid photorespiration. C4  plants produce carbohydrates more efficiently than normal C3  plants, provided the carbon dioxide is limiting and sufficient light is available to support the reaction. In moderate temperatures, too much of an energy burden is placed on the plants to make the C4  strategy worthwhile (named 3 and 4 because of the number of carbons in the intermediate reaction). C4  plants thrive in hot, dry climates.Study Questions Here are some questions you can ask yourself, to help you determine if you really understand the basics of how photosynthesis works. Define photosynthesis.What materials are required for photosynthesis? What is produced?Write the  overall reaction  for photosynthesis.Describe what happens during the cyclic phosphorylation of photosystem I. How does the transfer of electrons lead to the synthesis of ATP?Describe the reactions of carbon fixation or the  Calvin cycle. What enzyme catalyzes the reaction? What are the products of the reaction? Do you feel ready to test yourself? Take the  photosynthesis quiz!

Critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of 'universal' Essay

Critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of 'universal' and 'contingent' approaches to human resource strategy. Give examples to illustrate your answer - Essay Example ies are facing increasingly complex and dynamic business environment necessitating change in their ways they operate in harnessing their resources including human resources. The main objective behind HRM is to ensure organizational success through its people (Armstrong, 2006). The paper aims at exploring the advantages and disadvantages of universal and contingent approaches to human resource strategies that are currently practiced. Caldwell (2004) argues that HRM is concerned with several policy goals to be listed as: managing people as assets to build competitive strength; aligning corporate strategy and HRM policies; creating a flexible organisation responsive to external environment; to promote more cohesive team working; creating a strong customer orientation; empowerment to workforce for self-management and learning; institute proper reward system to develop a performance-driven environment; enhancing employee commitment within the organisation. Companies attempt to achieve these goals either through universal also known as best-practice approach to human resource strategies or take a diversion from it and deploy contingent approach to human resource strategies depending upon the need or the type of business they operate. Universal or the best practice approach is based on the basic premise that adopting certain proven HRM practices will inevitably lead to superior organizational performance. For example, most firms in 1960s and 1970s and a huge proportion even today adopt a sophisticated selection and recruitment processes so that the best from the available lot is selected. Induction programme is also sophisticated providing necessary training to the recruits so that they can accomplish the task given to them. The appraisal system is quite coherent so that none has reason to complain. Workforce skills are allowed to develop such that they attain flexibility. Comprehensive and frequent communication to workforce is maintained. All employment terms and